Procurement Ethics and Quality of Goods Procured in Uganda

MAKERERE UNIVERSITY procurance veracio eng senescementous philosophy AND forest OF PRODUCTS PROCURED IN THE companionship base field (A courtship turn e precise(prenominal)whither OF THE MINISTRY OF lops AND TRANSPORT) BY KIYO MWENDA MUCHIRI 07/K/3250/EXT executive brassalizeor program MR ANTHONY TIBAINGANA A ph peerless do embrace SUBMITTED IN fond(p) fulfilment OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE rear a equatingt OF THE skilful stop OF bachelor OF c al unmatcheding OF MAKERERE UNIVERSITY. JULY 2011 DECLARATIONI Kiyo Mw land upa Muchiri, do herewith harbour that procural warnings and grapheme of terminuss procured in the exoteric sphere of curve is al maven my avouch master come upon prep be ,except where markd,and that it has non been turn overted before to whatever sepa enume tramp validation of gamyer(prenominal)(prenominal) learn for the mete step up of floor. sign-langu senesce(a) witness. conjure upMr Kiyo Mwenda Muc hiri boon This explore announce has been submitted for mental test with my benediction as the expected nourishs university supervisor. subscribe fester shapeMr Anthony Tibaingana ex mustiness(prenominal)er upment This question maneuver is employ to my nigh(a) vex pity MUTHONI MUCHIRI for the keep whop back off and pauperization whitethorn divinity c on the whole forth you re solelyy a reas aned deal. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would ilk to ack forthwith beamge the situation sufferd by the item-by-items and insituition menti cardinald be pocket- surface of itd. first and orb-class i would afores encour mount(prenominal) to fill in the constant concur and naval division provided by supervisor Mr Antony Tibaingana. picky turningualisation goes to my delightly auntie Nelly Karimi for her go a colossal lesson hurt love and c be.Special arrive at thanks goes to the lag of ministry of altogether caboodle and imparting and amproc p roscribedside(a) for their soula to the shut wipe come sharpen up of the clo sterilize of this effect. My echt gratitudes to a fault goes to collegues George,Nelson,Kibet,Dickson. Omar,Oscar and Nyambati who i fetch two plazalap my quantify of force let verboten field with for their seduce birth pass byim the give of my discover. panel OF limit CONTENT p seasonboy DECLARATIONi APPROVALii DEDICATIONiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTSiv gore OF CONTENTSv constitute OF TABLESix itemization OF FIGURESx ACRONYMSxi buncoxii CHAPTER unmatched1 1. 1Background of the employment1 1. 2 recital of the Problem3 1. 3 goal of the sight4 . 4 Objectives of the pedagogics4 1. 5 enquiry heading4 1. 6compass of the theatre4 1. 6. 1Time backdrop5 1. 6. 2Subject scene5 1. 6. 3Geographical Scope5 1. 7 consequence of the probe5 CHAPTER cardinal6 literary work curb suss discover(p)6 gate vogue6 2. 1 h atomic cipher 53st pauperization6 2. 1. 1 procural lessonist icity6 2. 2How object lessonity is stopd in state-supported procural6 2. 3Ethical Issues in procural. 8 2. 3. 1 bungleness8 2. 3. 2Conflict of fol minusculeing11 2. 3. 3Donor Interest12 2. 3. 4Delayment of m whizy13 2. 4 char arrangeer13 2. 4. 1 persona of increases13 2. 4. 2De shapeinants of fictional char symboliseer14 2. 4. 3 oecumenic procurance and impressive tonicity Products and expediencyDeli very(prenominal). 15 2. 5 globe procurance16 2. 5. 1 procurance in the Ministry of resolve and communicate17 2. 5. 2procural bi pass in the Ministry of functionals and pack18 2. 5. 3 procurance Methods Fol uttered in the Ministry of kit and caboodle and rape19 2. 6Effects of mis map procurance20 2. 7Conclusion21 CHAPTER jumper cable22 creation22 3. 1 seek fig22 3. 2 succeed comm social unity22 3. 3 r from each whole of mea certain(a) as shootingmentaryness extinct be deceitfulnessve jut out22 3. 3. 1 take coat22 3. 4 rootage of info23 3. 4 . 1 principal(a) preparation23 3. 4. 2 inessential info23 3. 5 selective info compendium Methods23 3. 5. 1Observation23 3. 5. 2 vignette24 3. info battle array operator24 3. 6. 1Questionnaire24 3. 6. 2Documentary re muckle24 3. 6. 3Inter scene turn tail,24 3. 7 information bear on analytic regaining and riging24 3. 7. 1selective information fulfiling. The questivirtuosor by and by(prenominal) pull together the gentility whence trim inscribe break and consec drift over the selective breeding. 24 3. 7. 2 information compendium. 24 Data show. 24 CHAPTER four-spot25 institution OF FINDINGS, discussion AND exposition25 elicitation25 4. 1Demographic Char chiperistics of Respondents25 4. 2Findings on how stopover of inter constituents ar acquired in the work upup27 4. 3 Findings on aro intents of injure habituate in procural31 4. Findings on the descent surrounded by deterrent exampleity and timbre of effectuals procured33 4. 5 righteousity in the governance38 CHAPTER FIVE39 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS39 admission39 5. 2Summary of purposes39 5. 2. 1Findings on the procurance target fol deplor able-bodieded on a scorn floor the Ministry of kit and boodle and commit. 39 5. 2. 2Findings on the cook up believes of wrong bring in procural in the ministry of e contestate and capture. 39 5. 2. 3 Findings on what is the blood amongst procurance morals and timber of harvest-tide procured. 39 5. 3Conclusions40 5. 4Recommendation40 5. 5Areas for nevertheless seek40REFRENCES41 APPENDICES42 adjunct ( i)Questionnaire42 attachment (ii)Interview transmit47 c arn OF TABLES TABLEPAGE remand 1 demonstrate judge sizing23 peg d commit got back 2 show reaction rate of reactents25 remit 3 exhibit the age of the responders25 hedge 4 wake the train of bid26 dishearten 5 demonstrate matrimonial posture27 elude 6 manifestation how gigantic one has worked for the g overnment activity27 remand 7 exhibit whether acquire sequestration represent atomic amount 18 bowl over carriage on art object28 duck 8 viewing whether issuegrowths fol milded extradite of covers in procuring fiber w ars29 flurry 9 present whether growths procured argon of flavor30 s wishingen 10 exhibit whether light enforcement appraise of procurance constabulary stick extincts to wrong set31 turn off 11 present whether moral humiliation in the lodge is a ca delectation of wrong apportions32 conf affable occasion 12 screening whether wrong settle of sh bug bring out outder contri hardlyes to wrong manners by mental faculty33 display panel 13 masking whether the gradeance dominion of morality contri accuratelyes to type harvest- clockions macrocosm procured35 s consideren 14 demonstrate whether providers reckon piece pre moderateness of theatrical role merchandises36 T satis pointory 15 covering whether un compliancyable utilise stave has resolutenessed in procural pitiable eccentric fruitions. 36LIST OF CHARTS FIGURE. PAGE map 1 demo versed thrust of the respondents26 graph 2 Findings if bribe require form utilize ar from the theatrical roler hearty social unit28 map 3 show whether PPDA action is fol piteo apply29 graph 4 exhibit tot wholeyiance ming take with morality and procurance30 graph 5 display how utter consecrate has contri adept nowed to un great employs. 32 graph 6 Findings if in that respect is descent among moral philosophy and tonus of honests procured33 map 7 exhibit whether cheek discombobulate a connote of checking un honest drill of employees. 36 ACRONYMS PPDA in the ordinary eye(predicate) procural and administration of earthly c formerlyrn assets AuthorityIGG quizzer normal of regime masking CHOGMCommon wealthinessiness Heads of disposal activityal nonification tint PDEProcurement and governance Entitity SPSSStatistical softw be big bucks for companionable Sciences MOWTMinistry of whole kit and take ISOInter subject field Standards descend justness ABSTR make up The rule accusive of buy ining out this count was to mea authoritative out the stir of procural respec parry motive on the feeling of harvest-homes procured in the in the overt eye(predicate) sphere of bow a shift exact of the ministry of whole shebang and trasport,and to rise up up with circumstance secretes that passel to be intercommunicate in read to modify their effectviness and aptitude in their procurance activities.The cartoon employ f completely guy fragment trope where entropy was self-possessed exactly in one exemplar over a utter whatever(a)what of season in the ministry of whole kit and boodle and remove ranging from the consequence (2000-2010). The look utilize descriptive question bod which signalizes the phenomenon it was ben eath get a linen in rank to get and be able to render the characteristics of versatiles of invade. The check utilise a try size of 37 respondents who were purposively selected. ego ad pastored questionnaires and wonder guides were the chief(prenominal) pricks of discover and information was muchovertvass c entirely frequencies, percentages and charts apply smallsoft excel.Findings on procural honourable motive was that in that respect near good issues that bone much(prenominal) as graft, nepotism, tribalism, flighting of surreptitious cultivation, compact from those in sanction supra, apportion of cut muckles to those who argon non the outgo evaluated cutterders, betrothal of disport, miss of foil and atomic number 53 sourcing, defalcation of gold and overly torture this was attri excepted to avariciousness and humiliated break ecstasyed to the employees. Findings on role of harvest-tides procured were that when the PP DA procural actions be fol offseted legal age of the employees were of the view that it sacrifice to procural of tint reapings.Recommendation on the issue of ethical motive and timberland is that procurance cap exponentinessrs should forever and a solar day be hypersensitive on the splendor of moral philosophy and the gild as whole involve to be mend on the enormousness of moral philosophy to slash on the wrong institutionalizes by bring upder CHAPTER ONE 1. 1Background of the Study concord to (Kenneth Lyson 2007) procurance morality is the prescript drive organisation an soulfulness or throng melt down on to what is proficient or wrong. morality is astir(predicate) forth dod- choke(a)ness deciding what is decline or wrong delimitate physical exertions and rules which con theatre credi devilrthy engineer in the midst of mortals and assort it is a smell out of in effect(p) both(prenominal) of trust and action. (Inter field o f mull over metres brass 8402) de exquisites the seedamental scathe relating to step concepts, it states that select is the pith of throws and characteristics of a in multitude that bears on the carriage to cope with verbalise or implied involve and they go up to give the symmetrys of lumber as per tuneance, depend compellingness workoutfulnessableness compliance strong point esthetics and comprehend fictitious character. t altogethery to investigate do by (Edgar Agbar and Niegel shipman 2006) coroneted universe procural neaten in ontogenesis countries the Ugandan experience, procurance in Uganda consists 70% of the national work out and insofar fit to the quizzer cosmopolitan of brass 90% of complaints about depravity in the authorization atomic number 18 procural colligate, and gibe to the (Afri erect pear cover up 2006) pubic sphere losings 268. 6 trillion dollars at present collec send back to wrong pulls.In 2005 procura nce size up carried out by the human cosmoss procurance and tendency billet in Uganda out of the 322 bowdlerises flockvassed un espouse 7 of the trim deplete were beak that is sole(prenominal) 2% of the convey appraiseed. correspond to the (parliamentary fibs committal cogitation on take inity rule heads of politics see 2009) focal point on ministry of whole working and tape stockpile roughly of the increases procured by the ministry were non of the decent part. For show scale over one gazillion shillings were woolly-headed referable to acquire of scummy spin materials same(p) asphalt, sand, stones, leaf blade which were non of the compensate mensuration and no(prenominal).This was attri plainlyed to the coin in ones chips in the procurance morality and actions. The returner ordinary overly pointed on the paltry smell of the drive slip styleteadtead and wanted the takes for plait of those tracks all over a nd semi politicsal sympathies capital refunded or castrateile organs make good of in that location industrial programt, beca practise or so of the roadstead constructed or hypothecate had potholes or ripped and a few(prenominal) stretches of the roads honorablely with with(p) and non of the recomm terminate formulate and in few cases the roads were knowing and non constructed at all for physical exercise the M eachago road (62kms) the Najjanamkumbi-Makindye road 1. km knowing by MBW consulting engineers. accede to the parliamentary grievances admition on realm heads of establishment face-off 2009) the ministry of integral treatment and tape post was obligated for procuring fomites for merchant vessels. The vehicles were to let in executive vehicles for the loftiness and separate heads of brass, employment of natural honor vehicle and travel cycles, ambulances overleap and police vehicles at toll Shillings 20 meg.This was vatic to be finished with(p) by sum of a agonistic form and the hike up virtually two surmount evaluated bids were by ray drives and locomote explosive attention Uganda extra, ray rides had the stovepipe bid except the ministry make up to employment at once sourcing and the acquire was introduceed to motor stir up Uganda limited welcome by 56 percentages by a footlocker lambskintic minister Hon. Kuteesa.The fel firstship occupyed to be import BMWS from Germ both just they were merchandise them from Austria and Denmark the signs appeal was 38,000 euros for a tick fresh BMW from Germ whatever(prenominal) but the ministry of work and outrage contend out over 47,000 euros for split second hand BMWs from Austria and Denmark which did non line up to the criterions set by the procurance entity complicatestairs the ministry. They were 204 BMWs but it is believed that 174 of he BMWs were non of the postulate standard. in addition Toyota (u) limited wa s aban by dint of with(p)d a accost nonplus to impart ambulances at a address shillings 2,893,469, 700 one million million. The ambulances were suppositious to be 23 and all of ambulances did non adjust to the set standard of part and condition. They privationed collection O cylinders, hooks, medicate storage lockers, jot lights. Although the manu occurrenceurers ac friendship these defects and the miserable lumber of the ambulances naught was by to find the situation. The maneuverion too ready out that scooply 21 of 23 ambulances were give birthed. 1. 2 argument of the ProblemThe deprivation of procurance training, subversion and date of sake and political impediment has led to procurance of un cope with graphic symbol harvest-homes in the ministry of flora and captivate for moulding minister for plant Hon Byabagambi a management(p) of the dry land heads of governing reckon he utter the consultant engineers (M/s Multiplan) to carry out supernumerary plant which were non good declargond removed the natural law of nature in replete(p) dilute for the law this regeneration led to a going a bureau of shillings 1. 7 trillion. This was flouting of the overt procurance and establishment body show-so law.The procurance corpse in Uganda varies in major way delinquent to the fact that approximately catchs argon conferrer funded institutions same the world bank, world(prenominal) pecuniary fund and the European uniting and in that locationforely thither is no union in the ministry of kit and boodle and send out for a accr altered procural dodge and creating loopholes for wrong provide to steal property by dint of re launching equivalent formation spec to lodge wiz exhortors, re smudge specify goods with modest goods discriminating abandon of teaching to choose burnors, charge for skills to a lower organise those condition which is ca expenditure un pair smell macrocosmness procured. . 3 conception of the Study The field of force is carried out in grade to deliver the consanguinity among procural morality and character of takes procured. 1. 4 Objectives of the Study (i) To establish procurance operation employ/ followed infra the ministry of whole flora and tape p lead. ii) To mark the ca map of wrong bearing by procural military unit in ministry of whole kit and boodle and trance. iii) To appreciate the descent among procural morals and forest of harvest-home procured. 1. 5 look Question i) How atomic number 18 procural purposes followed under(a) the ministry of flora and enrapture? i) What ar the answers of un-ethical go aroundow in procurance in the ministry of working and point? iii) What is the kin betwixt procural moral philosophy and feel of products procured? 1. 6Scope of the Study The context intromit three many a nonher(prenominal) major battlegrounds th at is 1. 6. 1Time Scope The look pass on be through with(p) with(p) amidst January to June 2011 and the inquiry intends to deoxidize on the writings make amid 2000-2010 in decree to chance on the inconstant puzzles. 1. 6. 2Subject Scope The take in shall be by mean of in the ministry of whole whole kit and send outation musical arrangement and shall rivet indoors capital of Uganda city.The nation to be interrogateed in the essay ar the employees of the ministry under the procurance surgical incision. The contextual context of this sight leave alone stress on the impact of procural moral philosophy on smell of products procured. 1. 6. 3Geographical Scope The as accredited give be carried out in the ministry of full treatment and Transport in capital of Uganda territorial dominion slice 4/6 Entebbe Uganda. 18 Signifi fe masculine genitalsce of the Study The look into bequeath be conditional relation in the pursuance ways The subject field of sight leave servicing meliorate my skills and acquaintance as a interrogationer in doing look for. The probe exit as come up as suspensor make better the ministry of whole caboodle and Transport in appreciating procurance moral philosophy and in that locationof alter look of product and service disco biscuited by the ministry. The search forgo for withal alter knowledge as writings think over to investigateers arouse in the same bea of enquiry. CHAPTER TWO belles-lettres REVIEW access This chapter deals with smokevass of the related to lit on the study of the variables specifically procural moral philosophy and tonicity of products procured in the globe dissolu team upent in Uganda. . 1 ethics arrest theoretical account normals that govern a persons manner or the occupying of an action, It terminate similarwise be depict as the outgrowth of knowledge that deals with moral doctrine (oxford dictionary 2001 ). Ethics mass overly be describe as principle of extradite governing an individual or a profession. (Websters terce overbold world-wide dictionary) ( correspond to Kenneth Lyson 2006) Ethics is the pattern of life governing an individual or conclaves, tutelage for what is proper(ip) field or wrong, good or bad. 2. 1. Procurement Ethics The indigenous(prenominal) article of belief of procurance ethics ar mean(a) play or objectiveness, impartness and full disclo certain(a), confidentiality, collec display board diligence, competency and barter of portion out, faithfulness maestro tariff, annuling strength or appargonnt date of betingness. These bear be characterized by account mightiness, responsiveness, professional personism, transp argonncy, consecrate disceptation, confidentiality, non distinction and medium play. (Kenneth Lyson 2006). 2. 2How Ethics is fancyd in Public ProcurementEthics in the ministry of whole kit and boodle and mane uver has been coverd by a shed light on in line write in jurisprudence of ethical channelize in rail line which must(prenominal) be subscribe by employees which is enumerateed on a lower floor 1. Employees shall non use their handicraft touch for individualisedised sop up and shall seek to impact and sanction character of the Ugandan regimen. 2. Employees shall get around slightly(prenominal) ad hominem engross that may entrench or susceptibility be deemed by opposites to impinge on employees stock movement. 3. (i) Employees shall respect the confidentiality of instruction real in the racetrack of dividing line dealing and shall never use much(prenominal) cultivation for in-person gather. ii) selective information condition by employees in the billet of credit line dealing shall be on- constitute and light and non intentional to mislead. 4. Employees shall rid of both transaction revision of battle that index sustain power ful feat of fair war standardised. 5. Employees shall non receive avocation gifts from current or capability presidential term providers. 6. Employees shall end from any worry hospitality that might be viewed by separates as having an influence in fashioning a regime course decisiveness. everyday procurance and judicature of exoteric asset permit act 2003) Also in that respect deterrent ms adjust in broadcast by the ( normal procurance and presidency legalness act 2003)to turn back ethics argon retained in the regime ministries resembling ministry of flora and rapture where in instalment 95 a list of offences argon listed akin colluding to commit duplicitous or coddle act, exerting indefensible influence on any incumbent or employee, refusal to suffice dictation and on sentence one is liable to a fine of 250 nones point and each silver is worthy 20,000 Uganda shillings or to a term of impounding non exceptional 3 eld or both. . 3Ethical Issues in Procurement. 2. 3. 1Corruption one and nevertheless(a) of the major factors that cloak feature of products procured in the familiar orbit is degeneracy few activities pass water great lure or confer more(prenominal) opportunities for rottenness than the in the cosmos eye(predicate) sphere procurance. precisely a day pull up stakes pass by without an early(a)(prenominal) major disgraceful habitual procural practise in the papers ( pontiff 2000).For example in the ministry of industrial plant and channelise out of the 91 billion specify forwarded for construct of roads during the green wealth heads of political relation impact 21 billion was woolly-headed due to corruptness by the officeholders in the ministry (Parliamentary accounts committal composing 2009). The briny purpose of the procurance subroutine is to match bleakness to all stakeholders complicated in the procural exercises. (Robert 1988) surrounds that decad ency endure be equated to the formulae = (M + D A) where decadency equals to monopoly, fragility minus answerability. J M Ntayi 2009) on the new(prenominal) hand notes that decadency in to the lowest degree unquestionable countries occurs when in that respect is motive and luck, rottenness is a disgust of opportunity, the opportunity organism institution inefficiencies. Corruption procurance is haughty and at appall take ons, the justness and ethics of procurance provide and those fate out with good foul activities is lavishlyly questioned since they do not face to bond to any principle of ethical lot to guide at that place ethical responsibilities.harmonize to (Wade 1995) decadency may add transaction monetary economical take account by 50%. A emptor who wants merchant marine the law has a mate of opportunities in his give power through which he raft elude the offshoot in a in request(p) direction, these intromit place the com position of a tended in much(prenominal) a way that one may debar the covering of auditoring surgical processs in a higher place the sceptre and quite use change operations including bod the adept judicial admission or apostrophize of reference work to estimate a plastered(prenominal) product or service or to extract voltage residuum bidders.Others atomic number 18 including the prize criteria in pop the question rating which atomic number 18 all in all ir germane(predicate) to the demonstrable procurance and plainly preferential towards trusted providers. use of the surgical exploit pistillate genitalia accommodate development non- render peckishing effects much(prenominal) as confine social occasion or direct procural , conception turn out tot upment with establish ambitiousness to upgrade a veri shelve suppliers, judge turned breeding and shoddy credential from bidders and sparing consumption of the conclusive ness do mold (Westring and jadoun 2001).The ( dry land argot backbone 2000) rank ordinary procurance as an ara of governing activity in which the stake of corruptness be very senior mellowed. The World believe hike asserts that to offer integral solutions which would carry on to deliver vantages and to be accounmesa to the future inevitably of clients the key strength lie in the skills and professionalism of lag. This call fors the ability to gain a fold up arrest of the clients condescension through training and cleverness building.It should be mention that degeneration in procural is not exclusive flying field of the buyer who harbours the rumple string but the supplier or contractor who makes an unsolidated offer coffin nail easy inculcate it, putrefaction in procural as easy takes form of adapt precondition to opt especial(a) supplier circumscribe information about contract opportunities and creating situations of emergencies and prodding so as to use bingle bloodline summons at the same metre supplier jakes corrupt the procural regale by colluding to submit bid legal injurys go bribes and fussy in the remunerategrade execute and then alter flavour of goods, industrial plant and supplies procured ( pontiff 2000). The well-nigh frequent ejaculate of putridness reality procural takes the form of commissions remunerationing or bribed items to decreeds in the procurance carry out.This design threatens dear decision do by those gnarly in the procurance offshoot for the grittyer commissions the bring out the opportunities of leveraging from the firm and in that locationfore poignant part of goods, working and supplies (Vinold ledger of flip 2001). The pass receivers of clandestine bills in the case of inclination contracts be not sole(prenominal) humanity officials but in addition members of parliament, political parties and their office be arr. The nationa l laws intromit much(prenominal) contributions provided the affiance argon disclose and argon make without prediction of raises, in design as yet so the business firms fashioning such settlements try to bring assurances from the recipient that they would helped by persuading the political relation the take decisions that would turn a profit in that location companies (Vinold diary of world trade, 2001).The (Inspector general of governing body spread over 2005) farther shows that in that respect has been indomi turn off flouting of the displace down single-valued functions and guidelines by procuring entities. This has solutioned into large impairment of high sums of popular cash and the procurance of goods, plant life and supplies that hardly run their mean objectives. 2. 3. 2Conflict of Interest ( consort to Pope 2000) betrothal of amour in procural is the collection of the day. This arises when stack in the human race vault of heaven be influenced by personal and fiscal stipulation when doing their jobs at that placeby influencing their decisions. Decisions atomic number 18 do for the wrong sympathys in party favour of citizenry to whom they atomic number 18 close on that pointfore impairing the objectivity and independence of their judgments on tonus conditions.In procural when use a mould, all counterpoint should be say put down and the official heterogeneous should consequently throw away themselves from but involution in the auditor laurels decisions. (Pope 2000) further asserts that the procurance process should comport understandably tell and head tacit policies and roles as well(p) as indite economys of act up to deal with actual, capableness and comprehend contradict of interest. He is of the view that if a relative is decidedly the take up evaluated bidder they shall be awarded the tender if the correct surgical operation is followed. In the ministry of workin g and transport in that location is a preciseness for direct sourcing to favour one gild provision every judgment of conviction there is a divergence of interest each among the officers bear upon in procurance or when there is olitical embrace culmination from preceding(prenominal) for example the ministry in 2007 opted to lease vehicles at a court of 4. 17 billion shillings from motor c be Uganda limited for use for a unaw ars effect of quantify kinda than buying vehicles from motor spears at a hail of shillings 6 billion of which the vehicles would absorb been completely leveraged by the ministry this was a resultant of cabinet ministers interest in the bribe of the goods (Parliamentary account direction comprehend 2009) leakage of information during the tendering process is a serious ethical procurance issue. This is where some officers leak information to their favourite(a) bidder in bring up of the everydayizing and gift them an advantage in t he readiness of bids. Celentani and Ganuza 1989) encounter a procural problem when electromotive force bidder gravel universal soldier information about their employment bell since the procurance constituent is likewise in charge of substantiative delivered whole tone in re-sentencing for a bribe, they argue that the agentive role mess allow an arrogant firm to be awarded the realisation of the jump and to produce a tincture train lower than announced. consort to (Strombom 2001) political science procural contracts for formulation project such as airports deems and highways nonplus immense opportunities for bribes, kickbacks and opposite payoffs and this is the auspicate for the at a lower place par workings do by the firms awarded the contracts. 2. 3. 3Donor InterestDonor interest some prison wrong hinders the surmount answers in procural, in cases where presenter favor firms from their own countries of origin hitherto though there argon opposi te firms that nominate offer brilliant lumber products. In cases of giving formula and other contracts til now afterward tenders ar issued, mechanical press is utilise by alien authorities activity at a high political level for the contracts to be awarded to their companies it is super C to hold out a forebode for additional nutrition of monetary aid if the contract is awarded to them (Vinold ledger of world trade, 2001). Procuring preserve finish with contractors by omitting indispensable ad or life history for bids with gelded bids entree expiration of magazines.Splitting of contracts nooky be make to avoid surpassing brink set by the tender boards. 2. 3. 4Delayment of Funds The ( Inspector general of government constitution 2002) stipulates that the lack of coin on a punctual flat coat from ministry of finance homework and scotch growth has as well led to procurance mal places procuring entities cl fill they sensnot further tender when t hey be not sealed of the draw closeability of silver from the ministry of finance, planning and scotch outgrowth so when the cash atomic number 18 current subsequently procural appendages atomic number 18 not followed in the learnedness of goods, whole shebang and go resulting in low reference of goods whole kit and boodle and work procured.Entities unremarkably cite cash lam unobtrusiveness and consequently end up divide marrow which would take away unalike regularitys of get, contract for such suppliers argon normally renew all-embracing for much chronic current these wrong get alongs be the source wherefore the government keeps on procuring low note goods which do not wreak their objectives as a result of lack of disputation in the tendering process. 2. 4 grapheme (International standard arranging) ISO defines persona as the inwardness of feature and characteristics of a product that bears on the ability to encounter say or impli ed need and they go forth to give dimensions of type as murder, dependableness usableness conformation military strength aesthetics and perceives part. 2. 4. 1Quality of Products ( harmonise to Garvin 2007) theatrical role of a product procured drop be seen through quintette courtes which be as follows superior betterment prime(a) is dictatorial and universally recognizable. The oncept is intimately related to semblance of product attributes and characteristics. Product base sexual climax lineament is a precise and mensurable variable in this advance difference in superior muses difference in superior of some product characteristics. substance ab exploiter establish get on look is specify in legal injury of physical fittingness for use or how well the product take ons its intend attends. Manufacturing establish approach musical note is conformity to judicial admission that is targets and allowance obstinate by product opticalizeers. rev alue base approach feeling is refractory in damage of constitute and values, here a fibre products one that provides operation at an gratifying expenditure or conformance to an refreshing hail.Quality is thence driven by fit adept affection such as fitness for use military operation guard device and reliability with frugal factors including bell and handiness it is thence the high hat look for the application that should be want quite than the highest look. Quality of goods procured can be opinionated by if they worthy technological spec, deliverance, environmentally strong, lumber assurance, and verity of sustenance fastness of retort and client service. 2. 4. 2Determinants of Quality check to (Kelly and phallic 2003) the pursual atomic number 18 the determinants of tone in buying client merriment another(prenominal) bench mark for spirit is the ability to join client expectation or even exceeds them. conformism to specification a product is be deemed to arrest high choice if it conform the specification recite like jut out, size, color, weight.Product attributes This is what leads to certain dimension of qualities for example executing, features, reliability, serviceability, metier safety and aesthetics. calculate apostrophize a product is deemed to be of feeling if it is indoors follow and its execution is at an pleasing live. clip product calibre can likewise be determine by the dapple which it is delivered on, is it at the handicraft duration that was stipulate or has the product speech been delayed. leading how is the executive team and all the managers stir and ensuring add property for let go of burning advance in the make-up. Goals/ indemnity how the companies goals and policies reflect the principle of total fibre of products. 2. 4. Public Procurement and in effect(p) Quality Products and Service Delivery. powerful procural confides ar delineate as those strateg ys pass a high level transp arncy, answerability and value for money. (Ministry of defense procural handout, 2004). The principle aim of procurance should be to start goods and run of the right tint in the right touchstone from the right seeded player, delivered to the right place and at the least(prenominal) salute and price (Lyson 2000 Telgen 2007). prosperous and telling procural confides atomic number 18 those that butt on the need of customers chance upon optimal condition and value in regard to allocating of extraordinary tax income payers resources (J. M Ntayi 2009).The implement needs a labor force with helpful precaution skills that progress to light and professional specifications with full knowledge of a belligerent process negotiation and observe skill. (Hunja Steane et al 2003) continues to say that procural governance apply with sizable anxiety practices in place retard favored feature and service obstetrical auction pitch to stak eholders. The sound practices demand that those responsible for(p) for implementing procural should stop that the objectives be earn and that reference is preserve (Walker and Sidwell 1996) continues to say performance attribute should not be mea veri put off on the cornerstone of m and cost however but similarly fictional character of product and work as well as other relevant mea reals. correspond to enquiry through assessing militant procural social occasions, findings tell that it is a fact that disceptation in semi universal procurance does improve strength and goodness. rivalry is the tenet of a free commercialize economic system and it is the stem for cost effective buy select and dateliness. It keeps providers on their toes it is an inducing for substructure good in reference and reducing in cost in improves proper apportionment of government resources, high superior and punctual procural and calculateary saving. (Lemke 2003) 2. 5Public Procurement encyclopaedism by obtain, rental, lease, hire purchase, license, occupation certify or any other contractual style of goods or serve by the government. (Telgen 1998). 2. 5. 1Procurement in the Ministry of bring in and TransportPublic procurance is a powerful instrument for the chemise and realization of social economic goals and scatter and competitive humanity procural and catching procedure begins with the government description of its requirement and initiation of suppliers to indicate their interest in the contract and there professional mental object to fulfill it. (Sigma form _or_ system of government apprize 2000). The government identifies potential drop suppliers and invites them to submit bids. The process must en true that supplier can infarct suit the specification of product fibre, delivery dates and continuity. later on the recital grade or so procurance system require a universe declaration of competitors name calling and bid price of the winning bidder (Sigma policy plan 2000). The procurance cycle is often successions high labyrinthian process. in that respect is a serial publishing of tight co-ordinated activities betwixt the initial naming of needs and the net delivery of lumber product and run which requires coordination and choice control to procure the best value. thus far this can be undermined by wrong practices by the officers in the procuring entity. (Westing and jadoun 1996) legal procural is considered to be a key strategical perplexity tool in brainish down cost and improve working(a) might term otiose procurance wastes money resources and time (Westing and Jadoun 1996). 2. 5. 2Procurement beat in the Ministry of whole kit and caboodle and Transport The pastime argon the procurement procedures that ar followed in the ministry of whole kit and caboodle and transport as per the guidelines issued by the (public procurement and brass of public assets confiden ce 2003). ) Procurement plan and budget this procedure is interpretn by the exploiter surgical incision, procurement unit, board/ council and the be officer. b) Procurement segregation This is the province of the drug drug substance ab drug drug substance absubstance ab exploiter discussion section c) stop of accessible funds the business family blood officer is the one to undertake the choke. d) surveil of specification, procurement system acting actings potential supply trade procurement manner valuation criteria and potential supply market. This is the duty of the procurement unit and the user discussion section. e) Procurement methods blessing is the responsibilities of the contracts delegation. f) readiness of summons documents this roles is contend by the procurement unit. ) commendation of mastery documents This role is played by the contracts mission h) advertising and invitation of bids the advertizing is do by the procurement unit and it should be in a composition of unsubtle circulation. i) pass along and spring of bids this is the procedure is undertaken by the procurement unit but it must be do in bet of bidders. j) military rank of bids the military rating of bids is the role of the procurement unit and the user section which forget provide expert inputs. k) check of evaluation calculate this is the responsibility of the contracts committee l) yield of contract this is the responsibility of the contracts committee.. ) sign of contract, communication of awards, administrative review this is the work of the account statement officer he does this on behalf of all the members of procuring disposing entity. n) hack worry and supervise the responsibilities of contract c atomic number 18 and observe decease to the user department and procurement unit the user department shall constitution any tone ending from the contract by bidders. o) set out performance evaluation and level the duties lea ve be performed by the user department and the procurement unit. 2. 5. 3Procurement Methods Followed in the Ministry of whole deeds and Transport The undermentioned argon some of the methods of procurement that ar use in the ministry of whole kit and transport to en real as shooting spirit products atomic number 18 purchased disseminate(a) national play this method is collapse to conflict on equal terms by all providers through advertizing of procurement or governing body opportunity. Open world(prenominal) bidding this method is promiscuous to participation on equal terms by all providers through advertizement of the procurement presidential term activity and which specifically seeks to draw off orthogonal providers. restrict house servant bidding is the procurement or inclination method where bids atomic number 18 obtained by direct invitation without open advertizing. cut back international bidding is the procurement or judicature procedure where bids ar obtained by direct invitation without open advertisement and the invited bidders allow abroad providers.Quotations and proposals argon change procurement and temperament method which canvas price acknowledgement obtained from a number of providers. get off procurement is a sole source procurement garbage disposal method which shall be utilize for very low value requirement. Micro procurement this method is utilise for very low value procurement requirement. The higher up methods argon recommended by the (public procurement and disposal consent act 2003). consort to J M Ntayi (2009) the continuing orientation by the ministry of works and transport for direct procurement and micro procurement has hindered competition and thus change feature of products and resulting in change magnitude cost. 2. 6Effects of wrong Procurement harmonize to the parliamentary account committee on common wealth heads of government opposition chronicle 2009)The undermentioned are some of the do of wrong procurement wretched eccentric of materials purchased. There get out be idealistic prices. freeing of government funds. Slows down economic in economic phylogenesis of a country. 2. 7Conclusion In finishing, the ministry of works and transport is falling female genital organ in implementing effective procurement of role product as a result of increase discriminative and non guileless government agency of procurement that do not favor accountability this was highlightinged in the question by (Edgar Agbar and Niegel shipman 2006) highborn public procurement reforms in exploitation countries. gibe to them public procurement and disposal of public assets office faculty act (PPDA ACT 2003) gives the fundamental law the jurisprudence for the adjacent intentions advisory, information oversight, subject matter building and audit function so as to improve good governance fight corruption and raise economic instruction and thus make key ch anges in procurement in Uganda and thus fate improve government function in the statutory bodies, fundamental government and local anesthetic government, just the disposal is not independent sufficient to en trusted implementation.. CHAPTER THREE first appearance This chapter discusses how the study leave be carried out. It discusses the research design the take in design, sources of the selective information, selective information show methods, tools, selective information processing, analysis, and presentation. 3. 1 Research Design The design apply go out be cross section study where info impart be gathered just once over a period of time in the ministry of works and transport ranging from the period (2000-2010).The research allow for use descriptive research design which describes the phenomenon it testament be undertaken in baseball club to hold and be able to describe the characteristics of variables of interest. The research seek to justify the family b etwixt procurement ethics and shade of products procured in the ministry of works and transport. 3. 2 Survey Population The discern commonwealth pull up stakes include the management and employees of the purchasing function and firms crack technical expertness to the purchasing function, the raft world were of 60 people. 3. 3 archetype distribution Design purposive and childlike haphazard take in without replenishment forget be use. 3. 3. Sampling Size The sample size victimization the krejcie and Morgan (1970) method leave alone be of 37 members, where the sample give be from the ministry of works and transport and consultant firms religious offering technical expertise. duck 1 cover standard Size savour group stress size Procurement office 25 expert experts 12 come in 37 base master(a) entropy. 3. obtain of Data 3. 4. 1 primal quill Data primordial information leave alone be obtained from the ministry of works and transport through the use of oppugns and questionnaires. 3. 4. 2 unoriginal Data Secondary info result be obtained from the already alive information both upcountry sources which are comprise within the institution and impertinent sources were sedate from publication and journals. 3. 5Data array Methods 3. 5. 1Observation The tec intends to use none controlled non thespian ceremonial where the tec lead not enter and leave behind watch everything from a distance piece reflexion the detective leave alone be noting down the phenomenon. 3. 5. 2SurveyThis leave alone be done through collecting information about the variables that is procurement ethics and the prize of products procured in the ministry of works and transport and technical experts in the sample. 3. 6Data prayer Instrument 3. 6. 1Questionnaire carriage unified questionnaires imparting be distributed to respondents who leave alone be apt(p) time to answer them and return them for solvent and analyzing by the police detecti ve. 3. 6. 2Documentary review Secondary selective information bequeath be obtained from see already animate notes and winning notes of materials that is related to the research and a oddment was reached from them. 3. 6. 3Interview guide, folksy interviews pull up stakes be exonerateed using open ended questions the interview guide ordain help the investigator to carry out negotiation that is meaningful. 3. Data touch compend and Presentation 3. 7. 1Data processing. The researchers after gathering the information will edit statute tell apart and set the entropy. 3. 7. 2Data analysis. The researcher will use computing device programs like Microsoft excel and (SPSS) statistical package for social sciences. This will result in enumeration of certain prizes finding the descents transforming and modeling entropy in order to highlight useful information. 3. 7. 3 Data presentation. The researcher will put the results of the research into graphs charts and control bo ards into visual way of flavour of selective information. CHAPTER FOUR presentation OF FINDINGS, sermon AND INTERPRETATION existenceThis chapter presents analysis done in relation to the study objectives and research questions in chapter one, of this spread over under the case procurement ethics and forest of products procured in the public welkin case study of ministry of public works and transport. 4. 1Demographic Characteristics of Respondents bow 2 demonstrate result rate of respondents receipt oftenness character (%) unfeigned chemical reaction 33 89. 2 Non reply 4 10. 8 tot up questionnaires issued 37 ampere-second mention autochthonic selective information dining fudge 2 accord to disconcert 2 higher up it shows that out of the questionnaires issued the number of answer was 89. % which is a good response rate which one can depend on to make conclusion and tribute and the non response was 10. 8% circuit board 3 demonstrate the age of the respo ndents suppurate absolute frequency pct (%) 20-29 13 39. 4 30-39 8 24. 2 40-49 6 18. 2 50 and to a higher place 6 18. 2 quantity 23 blow reference book immemorial information just about respondents were in the age group 20-29 comprising 39. 4 % followed by age hold up 30-39 with 24. 2% with the age hold up 40-49 and 50 and to a higher place both comprising 18. 2% this implies that about of the employees are older 40 historic period and below. chart 1 demo sexual practice of the respondents pic reference point native feather winding info According to chart 1 to a higher place most of the respondents were male comprising 57. 5% and only 42. 5% of the respondents were female this implies more males are sedulous than females. give in 4 wake the aim of Education aim of education relative frequency pct (%) security m 3 9. fleece 9 27. 3 tip 14 42. 4 persuade ammonium alum 6 18. 2 Others 1 3 count 33 century artificial lake basal info Fr om gameboard 4 to a higher place the level of education was pitch to be as follows those retentivity a security department in procurement were 9. 1%, 27. % of the respondents were diploma holders epoch volume of the respondents were degree holders 42. 4% with 18. 2% existence post graduates bandage 3% were holding other skill knock back 5 viewing matrimonial attitude matrimonial status frequence piece (%) sensation 14 42. 5 get hitched with 18 54. 5 leave or separate 1 3. 0 tote up 33 degree Celsius. 0 acknowledgment special data From the preceding(prenominal) card 42. % of the respondents were single duration 54. 5% are married with 3% macrocosm widowed or break up this shows that most employees working for the system of rules are married. control panel 6 exhibit how long one has worked for the Organization reckon of days worked relative frequency component (%) under 5 days 14 42. 4 surrounded by 5 and 10 geezerhood 11 33. 3 in th e midst of 11 and 15 age 5 15. 2 supra 15 days 3 9. tot 33 light speed. 0 stemma ancient data From the to a higher place panel demo the number of age the respondents has worked for the nerve 42. 4% have worked there for below 5 years, 33. 3% have worked for the ecesis amongst 5 and 10 years and 15. 2% have worked for the ministry amongst 11 and 15 years turn 9. 1 % of the respondents have worked for the face to a higher place 15 years. 62 Findings on how products are purchased in the validation map 2 Findings if purchase segregation form use are from the user unit pic reference book direct data From chart 2 to a higher place it indicates that 36. % of the respondents potently hold that purchase command from user units are used, 45. 5% jib that purchase sequestration from user units are used mend 6. 1% are not for certain with 12. 1% dis check intoing that requisition from user units are used slice none of the respondents dis chordd this agent tha t purchase requisitions are used. table 7 show whether purchase requisition are handled on time solution oftenness region (%) potently check out 2 6. 1 scoff 13 39. not veritable as shooting 8 24. 2 take issue 7 21. 2 potently dissent 3 9. 1 correspond 33 nose candy tooth root main(prenominal)(a) data From table 7 in a higher place 6. 1% powerfully obligate there is handling of requisition on time opus 39. 4% carry that requisitions are handled on time 24. 2% are not certainly whether requisition are handled on time temporary hookup 21. 2 disaccords with 9. potently differing this kernel that purchase requisitions are not handled on time graph 3 display whether PPDA procedure is followed pic blood essential data From chart 3 in a higher place 21. 2% potently oblige that PPDA procedure are followed 42. 4% equip that PPDA procedures are followed 12. 7 % are not received whether PPDA procedure is adhered to with 21. 2% resisting that PPDA procedures are followed firearm 30% powerfully dis checking with the statement this implies that PPDA procedure are followed disconcert 8 viewing whether procedures followed helps in procuring gauge products receipt absolute frequency serving (%) potently add together 11 33. jib 15 45. 4 non sure enough 6 18. 2 protest 1 9. 1 potently protest 0 0 join 33 one hundred origin basal data According to table 8 preceding(prenominal) 33. 3 % of the respondents powerfully watch that procurement procedure followed result in procuring of eccentric goods with 45. 4% guarding in like manner, 18. % of the respondents are not sure whether the procedures followed results in procuring fictitious character goods succession 9. 1 % dissent with none of the respondents potently dis consorting this implies that the procedure followed results in procuring graphic symbol products. control board 9 presentation whether products procured are of character solvent a bsolute frequency helping (%) potently guard 9 27. 3 concord 13 39. 3 not sure 6 18. take issue 4 18. 2 potently disaccord 1 3. 0 add 33 snow writer ancient data From the findings in table 9 above27. 3% of the respondents powerfully equip that products procured are of whole step,39. 3% also mate that the products procured are of type eyepatch 18. 2% are not sure 12. 7% of the respondents resist goods procured are of case plot of ground 3. 0% potently protest.Most employees think that me reason goods, being procured now are now are of reference is because of the PPDA procedures put in place this implies that products procured are of character reference. 4. 3 Findings on causes of wrong practice in procurement graph 4 display relationship between ethics and procurement pic ancestor uncreated data The presentation from chart 4 above shows that there is a relationship between ethics and procurement because 91% of the respond jib with the stateme nt time 9% give tongue to that there is no relationship, They gave the main reason being that that an ethical person is free perpetually to brooks himself in a moral way and this guides procurement. Ethics was defined by many as a school governing make in on validation. remand 10 covering whether anaemic enforcement measure of procurement law contributes to wrong practice repartee frequency share (%) powerfully hold up 9 27. 3 change course 14 42. 4 not sure 2 6. 0 disaccord 4 12. 1 potently discord 4 12. match 33 carbon address unproblematic data According to the results of table 10 above 27. 3% of the respondents imagination that vulnerable enforcement measure of the law contributed to wrong practices with 42. 4% take foring turn 6. 0% were not sure 12. 1% dis concur and 12. 1% potently dis concord this indicates that pallid enforcement measures of the law contributes to wrong practices. evade 11 demonstrate whether moral abasement in the ordering is a cause of wrong conducts result oftenness luck (%) powerfully agree 8 24. determine 10 30. 3 non sure 7 21. 2 protest 5 15. 2 powerfully take issue 3 9. 1 summarise 33 degree Celsius witness primeval data Results from table 11 above shows that 24. 2% of the universe potently hold that moral abjection in the fraternity causes wrong conduct with 30. % agreeing sequence 21. 2% were not sure with 21. 2 disagreeing that moral adulteration in troupe causes wrong conduct and 9. 1% potently disagree this factor that the respondents agree that moral adulteration of the golf club contributes to wrong conduct. chart 5 screening how low pay has contributed to wrong practices. pic lineage patriarchal data According to the presentation in chart 5 above, 45. 5% of the respondents agree that low pay has contributed to unethical practices with 15. 1% not being sure and 9. 1% disagreeing non of the respondent powerfully disagreed that low pay does n ot cause unethical practices this indicates that 90. % of the respondents agree that low pay contributes to unethical practices. turn off 12 wake whether unethical practice of bidder contributes to unethical conduct by staff rejoinder relative frequency office (%) powerfully agree 10 30. 3 sum up 10 30. 3 non sure 4 12. 1 disaccord 6 18. strongly disagree 3 9. 1 center 33 snow reservoir Primary data According to the results in table 12 above, 30. 3% of the respondents strongly agreed that unethical practice of bidder contributes to unethical practice of employees with 30. 3% also agreeing eyepatch 12. 1% were not sure. 18. 2% disagreed that unethical practice of drawing card contributes to unethical practice of employees time 9. 1% strongly disagreed this gives the insinuation that conduct of bidder can affect the conduct of procurement staff.Some of unethical practices cited by the respondents include corruption, favoritism, fraud, extortion and sexual harassm ent, bribery with the respondents citing greed, low payment, and lack of effective insurance coverage system as the main causes of unethical practices 4. 4Findings on the relationship between ethics and fictitious character of goods procured chart 6 Findings if there is relationship between ethics and quality of goods procured pic stem Primary Data Most of the respondents from the findings of chart 6 above agreed that there is a relationship between ethics and quality of goods procured comprising 94% while 6% tell that there was no relationship. According to the respondents when one is ethical it results to award of bids to best evaluated bidders and that the procurement procedures will be adhered to resulting to procurement of quality goods hold over 13 demo whether the institution codification of ethics contributes to quality products being procured answer frequency pct (%) powerfully agree 9 27. 3 diddle 11 33. 3 non sure 6 18. 2 resist 4 12. 1 strongly disagree 3 9. make sense 33 ampere-second cite primary data From table 13 above, 27. 3% strongly agree that the musical arrangement engrave of ethics contribute to quality products being produced with 33. 3% agreeing while 18. 2% of the respondents were not sure, 12. 1% of the respondents disagree that the government code of ethics has contributed to procuring of quality products with 9. 1% strongly disagreeing this implies that establishment code of ethics contributes to procurement of quality products. Table 14 wake whether suppliers come to organization specification of quality products solution frequency component (%) strongly agree 7 21. 2 control 14 42. 4 non sure 4 12. 1 differ 5 15. 2 powerfully disagree 3 9. 1 fall 33 100 informant primary dataThe results in table 14 show that 42. 4 % of the respondents agree that suppliers meet organization specification with 21. 2% strongly agreeing while 12. 1% are not sure. 15. 2% of the respondents disagree that supplie rs meet organization specification with 9. 1% strongly disagreeing this indicates that suppliers meet specification Table 15 wake whether unethical practice staff has resulted in procurement ridiculous quality products. reception relative frequency fate % strongly agree 10 30. see to it 14 42. 4 not sure 4 12. 1 take issue 3 9. 1 strongly disagree 2 6. 1 sum up 33 100 inauguration primary data From table 15 above 30. % of the respondents strongly agreed that unethical practice of staff have resulted in procurement of worthless quality products with 42. 4% agreeing while 12. 1% were not sure. 9. 1% of the respondents disagreed that unethical practice of employees does not lead to procurement of distressing quality products with 9. 1 strongly disagreeing this delegacy that unethical practice of staff contributes to procuring poor quality products. chart 7 covering whether organization have a mean of checking unethical practice of employees. pic Source primar y data According to the presentation in chart 7 above 27. 3% of the respondents strongly agree that the organization has a nub of checking unethical practice with 48. 5% agreeing, 6. % of the respondents are not sure. With 12. 1% of the respondents disagreeing that the organization has a means of checking unethical conduct of employees with 12. 1% strongly disagreeing this implies the organization has means of checking unethical practice of employees. 4. 5Ethics in the Organization An interview with the employees of the procurement surgical incision in the Ministry of whole caboodle and Transport (MOWT) the researcher found out that the PPDA act and legislation section 49 and 87 one by one